Academic and social-emotional development Essay

Academic development is associated with the educational growth of the student. Social-emotional development is another aspect of a student that allows children to interact with their peers. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the academic and social-emotional development of students with and without disability in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Comparison between Students with and without Learning Disability Learning disability is considered to be disorder which affects the learning processes of verbal communication, speaking, grasping new things, writing, mathematics, etc. It is caused by the failure of brain to execute its function systematically and by emotional or behavioral disorders. A research was conducted at various school levels where more than one hundred students were analyzed. Academic results of students with and with out learning disability were analyzed. It was concluded that disabled students got lower class rank as compared to their peers (Grites & Gordon, 2000). Academic Development Students with LD have found academic difficulties in various areas as compared to their abled counterparts. They have academic problems in math, reading and writing, and language, poor performance on timed test, theoretical reasoning and learning. Grites and Gordon studied performance of college students with and without LD and came to the conclusion that students with LD perform lower on all measures (Grites & Gordon, 2000). They find it difficult to understand and process information from diverse and several perspectives which often cause complicatedness and complexity in their academic development. These students have different pattern of learning which comes with strengths and weaknesses that differ from others. Their disability can create difficulties in academic field because they may have problems in basic skills such as reading, writing, art, etc (Jordan, 2000). It is essential that teachers and parents play a pivotal role in their academic development. However, most of the times they do not understand their problems and assume these students are lazy and unmotivated. Gunther-Mohr conducted a research and found out that students identified with LD have greater academic difficulties. They are more likely to struggle on timed tasked as compared to other students. In the same study, it was concluded that these special students showed no improvement as compared to their peers (Gunther-Mohr, 2003). Social-emotional development Several students with learning disabilities have some social and emotional problem associated with their learning difficulty. Experiential facts and figures suggests that more than sixty percent of students with LD under the age of eighteen committed suicide in Los Angeles (Bender & Wall, 2000). Literature suggest that students without LD are socially accepted if they are helpful, accommodating, communicate, exchange pleasant greetings, have positive interactions with peers and make conversation(Bender & Wall, 2000). It is true that not all students with LD have social-emotional problems. However, they are most likely to develop these problems than their non-disabled peers. In their early school life, they are often rejected by their fellow classmates and suffer from poor self-concepts. As teenagers, the wounds of scorn and rejection can be agonizing and not forgotten without difficulty. After assessing more than one hundred different studies, Jordan came to the conclusion that more than seventy percent of the students with LD display deficits in social skills (Jordan, 2000). Social skills deficits include recognition by classmates, trouble making friends, viewed as overly dependent, incapable of being leaders, managing conflicts, starting a conversation, showing empathy and maintaining companionship. Harwell discovered that students with LD suffer from depression because of social skills deficits. Kadison & DiGeronimo suggests that social-emotional develop of students with LD is the result of lacking social ability to understand (Kadison & DiGeronimo, 2004). It has been revealed that students with LD when compared to students without LD are less accepted by class mates, have poor self-concepts and are more likely to feel lonely. Students with LD are most likely to experience frustration more than students without LD because of negative behaviors from their classmates, inadequate services and programs and physical barriers. Studies suggest that students without LD interact with students with learning disabilities based on outlook and fixed typecast. Attempts to Cope with Learning Disability When coping with students who have LD, the teacher should employ such teaching strategies which effectively cater different learning styles. Special education involvement to handle LD should be applied. For example, Karmen recommends that using pictorial representation has constructive and helpful effect on students who have learning disabilities to comprehend new theories and concepts (Karmen, 2003). Teachers should give special attention to the student and discuss his or her anxiety or depression. They should also encourage and support them and boost their confidence. They should also allow them to participate in classroom activities so that they can show and reveal their talent and competencies. A study conducted at University of California selected thirty students (Mercer &Mercer, 1997). These students had taken reading comprehension and reading rate test. Sixteen students had learning disabilities and the rest were without LD (Harwell, 1996). Extra time condition was applied and students with LD performed at same level as normal students. In another study, eighty college students were selected. Forty students with learning disability and other forty without learning disability took math test under extended time conditions. The study demonstrated that the scores of students with learning disability improved under extended time condition. Conclusion This study has compared academic and social-emotional development of students with and without learning disability. Students without learning disability are more likely to be successful than their disabled counterparts. Students who have LD are most likely to suffer from academic and social-emotional deficits because of their disorder. They are more likely to develop anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, etc. However, these special students can learn to perform better at school with the help of parents and teachers. It is essential for teachers to encourage and support them and devise innovative methods in order to help them in their learning processes. They should also be given extra time because they grasp concepts slowly. In the lights of information provided in this essay, it can be concluded that students with LD need special attention so that they become competent. References Grites, T. , & Gordon, V (2000). Developmental academic advising revisited. NACADA Journal, 20(1), 12-15. Gunther-Mohr, S. (2003). Counseling college students with learning disabilities. (pp. 77-106). Putney, VT: Landmark College. Jordan, P. (2000). Academic advising in the 21st century. NACADA Journal, 20(2),21-30. Kadison, R. , & DiGeronimo, T. (2004). College of the overwhelmed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Karmen, K. (2003). Advising students with learning disabilities: A developmental approach. (pp. 133-60). Putney, VT: Landmark College. Harwell, J. (1996). Ready to use tools and materials for remediating specific learning disabilities. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mercer, C. D. , & Mercer, A. R. (1997). Teaching students with learning problems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bender, W N. , & Wall, M. E. (2000). Socialemotional development of students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 17, 323-341.

Belief System Introduction

Belief System Introduction Each country has its own culture as each person has his/her own religion. Belief system of a person or a society is the set of beliefs that they have about what things are right, wrong and what things are true, false. The personal beliefs of us play a small part in each religion, which it points out the special of it that no others can have. Religion is certainly a type of belief system, but not all belief systems are religion. Each individual person has different types of belief system, hence, the ways their behaviors are and the ways they act are different.But when that individual person Join in a specific religion, he/she needs to follow all typical laws or rules that that religion has made and created. For society: a group of people that has the same belief system will have the same acts together, forming a basic standard for that society. Due to different religion, that group of people will have different ways of solving problems. For example: when the re is a disadvantage as a difficult circumstance, the Buddhists will organize a donated campaign where people can help each other to bring up the society, making it more and more better.Last but not east, things usually go the way it decided to go and so sometimes we become conscious with everything around us. Along the Journey of life, we will be able to find out what and where we want to become. Hence, belief system is an actual set of precepts, which our daily gives us words, actions and thoughts in life. Belief system can refer to [1] A religion- the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or a set of beliefs concerning the origin and purpose of the universe. A philosophy – a personal outlook our viewpoint.An ideology – a set of idea that constitutes one's goal, expectation and actions. It is a ay of looking at things and theorizes of a visionary or impractical nature. [1] Global/ International Perspective Depend on each region, each area, each ethnic and each fami ly; an individual person choose for his/her own religion, as it should be suitable with their mind, and they like to be apart of the religion. They must be instructed in an appropriate way and a right way and they have the rights to choose whether they want to be in the religion or not.There is no force in this. It should also depend on How they act What they do How they treat things (interact with others) MAJOR RELIGION IN THE WORLD 1. Buddhism [3] [4] [5] Buddhism focuses on the development of a personal spirit. The number of Buddhists in the world at between 230 million and 500 million is making it the world's fourth-largest religion. Buddhists believe that life should not be destroyed Buddhists take responsibilities for what they do and the results they receive.Buddhists try not to harm living things, try to have a kind-hearted and always control feeling and think clearly before doing a thing Buddhists are required to have equal respect to all living things. Buddhists go to pago da, temple to pray for good. All temples represent for 5 elements, which is: Fire, Water, Wisdom, Earth, Air and hey have a statue of Buddha. 2. Hinduism About 900 million persons or 14 percent of the world's population follow Hinduism. It is world's 3rd largest religion in the world Major religion in India (80%) and Nepal Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world.Hindus believe in a Supreme God. Hindus believe that life is a cycle of birth. We born, we death and reborn. Hindus believe that successful life depends on how the previous life was lived. Hindus believe that killing a baby that hasn't born yet is worse than killing parents. But also because boy is more prefer women may choose to abort the baby to prevent new baby girl would be born. Most Hindus are vegetarians and they don't eat beef. 3. Islam With 1. 57 billion Muslims, Islam is the second-largest religion in the world.People who follow Islam are called Muslim Muslims believe that God sent prophets Jesus, Moses and Ab raham) down to teach them the way of living. Muslims believe that their final prophet was Muhammad. Muslims believe in angels. Muslims believe they have only one God is Allah and Allah was the one who created all living things. Muslims who are women are allowed to get abortion because Muslims believe the women are responsible for it and they are originators who give earth for the baby. Muslims believe animals exist for a benefit of human beings and they are not allowed to harm or treat them bad. . Christianity [1 2. 1 billion Followers bring Christianity to be the world's biggest religion. People who follow Christianity are called Christian. Christianity focuses on the teaching of Jesus Christ who believed are the Son of God. Christians believe God had created animal for human to use so Christians are allowed to treat animals whatever the way they want to. In the old time Now, Christians believe they have to treat animals kindly due to they are weaker than us, ND God created animals to live a harmony live with human.They deserve to be respected somehow and treated generous. They read, learn and follow things from the Bible. Valentine is the most popular which everyone not only Christian know about this day 14 February which came from Saint Valentine. The cross symbol of the Christian is one of the most powerful symbols in the world which you can see it everywhere in your daily life. You even wear them on your body. Christians usually go to church on weekend to show their love and obedience to God, to build up their spirit strength ND to provide fellowship with other Christians. 1 *Almost every religion has some sort of principle that says we should treat our fellow man kindly. Furthermore, many religions go a step further and give specific instructions on how we should care for the poor and downtrodden in society. Atheism The road to atheism tends to be very personal and individual, based upon the specific circumstances of a person's life, experiences, and att itudes. Nevertheless, it is possible to describe some general similarities, which tend to be common among quite a few atheists, particularly atheists in the West.Atheism is characterized by an absence of belief in the existence of gods. This absence of belief generally comes about either through deliberate choice, or from an inherent inability to believe religious teachings that seem literally incredible. It is not a lack of belief born out of simple ignorance of religious teachings. Globalization affect to belief system Globalization refers to connect worldwide together, creates relationship between people and makes them become more familiar with each other.People from different region and areas can easy know about each other and how they are doing in other part of the world. Globalization also is the expansion of global linkages, the organization of social life on a global scale, and the growth of a global consciousness, hence to the consolidation of world society. Globalization a ffects culture because when people of different cultures and from different places come together and shares what they have; they get to know each other. They bring back what they have learned and it enters into society and culture.If we focus on the cultural consequences of â€Å"globalization†, we see positive and negative effects. Through globalization, people are not indiscriminate like in the past. Nowadays, through traveling, Internet, high technology, free flow of information, people have more logical and scientific reason to be sure in their belief. It is somehow can not explain all the original of a problem but it helps people to know whether that thing is right or wrong to believe in. Beside the positive aspects of globalization is its negative aspect: CONFLICT between nations.Conflict doesn't mean that there has to be a fight between nations, it could be arise from two different belief systems. For example: The Arab-Israeli Conflict is act of hostility and political tensions have lasted about a century. It involves the establishment of the modern State of Israel, as well as the establishment and independence of many Arab countries during the same period, and relations between Arab countries and Israel The conflict between Islam and the West: The continuous violence of Muslims around the world to publish the cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad.All of this violence, whether or not excited by the extremist Islamic group, showed a strong rise of the Islamic spirit, and challenge the dominance of Western civilization. Muslim conflict – the West has and continues to emerge as the main trends of world politics in the 21st century. Solutions: _Promote Dialogue Youth Hanoi could strengthen traveling to visit an Islamic country or China to exchange through seminars and conferences. Cultural Exchange: tourists visit to Western Country _Mutual Learning _Exchange experiences _Organize training courses All of these actions enhance exchanges and mutual un derstanding and exchange of neutral understanding. Different belief system can bring different ways of doing things such as many people in the world nowadays think that same-sex marriage is Just a normal things. But for some people and parents, they think it's not acceptable and they do not allow it to append to their children or their relatives.This is one of the problems that are happening in the world also. Local/National Perspective Vietnamese belief system Vietnam is a country with many forms of belief and religion. Vietnam is very convenient with connecting culture, religions with other countries in the world because of its position located. 5] At present, in Vietnam, there are about 75 % of the population have their own belief system, of which millions in 76 millions total followers of 6 religions, but most of the population are non-religious. Buddhism: 10 millions followers Christian: > 5. Millions followers Protestantism: 60. 000 followers Muslim: 1 million followers Ho Hay Buddhism: 1. 3 millions followers Cacao Dad: 2. 4 millions followers. Vietnamese belief system can refer to many factors Culture Position located Family perspective & Personal perspective Rules/Laws In Vietnam, we celebrate both New Year Events and Lunar New Year that maybe only China has the same traditional. During Et Holiday, the young children will receive lucky money that will bring them luck for the whole year that include good health, well-doing in education etc.We also have spirit money and lucky items that we always bring it beside us. We consider it as something will protect and bring luck to us. In Vietnam, people usually work in a group, they listen to other opinions to consider whether it's right or wrong, they sometimes need proof for their belief. Hence, from there, they believe and follow what they informed about. We can hardly distinguish the Vietnamese Culture because it is the mixture of many belief system, values due to the influences of neighboring countries.Ev en Vietnam is not a rich country but the Vietnamese people are very easily integrated. We seem to have one common belief system is that in every situation, whether we are at home, school or many, respect is always the very important to show how we behave. We have our own freedom to believe in what we think is right beside rules and laws that have applied to follow. Parents in Vietnam believe the age when they can be sure that their children are fully grow-up is 22 right after they finish university, however, their children are consider adults once they reach the age of 18.The mother in Vietnam also really hard to allow their daughter to go out lately at night and commonly, they usually don't accept for them to sleep over their friend's house when they are monger than 18, the mother believe that it's not appropriate and it should not happen if you are a girl. Even though we have many different belief systems in our country, maybe in a small community also, but we don't have and show any bad attitudes to others. We respect it, and we know that each person can have his/her own religions, they might think the way we never do, but they don't as we either.More important, what they do don't usually effect our lives. Family/Personal Perspective I am not really Buddhist but I read book and I follow some of the rules that Buddha teaches. I feel that all of those things are right and I believe that it is good for me to learn it. What I believe is not really same as my family, but somehow, because I am not fully-grown up yet so I can't really make my own choice. But in my opinion, the life now is very different from the life of few decades ago, so the way my parents think cannot be same as young people now.I have some of my friends who are Christian. We have a lot of not common things such as I go to temple but they go to church. They believe in Jesus Christ but we believe in Buddha. And there are many of the things they do different from me. I think it is important to st udy to understand the relationship of belief system to social behavior in order to avoid significant errors in social interaction. Each person has his/her own religion so we have to respect it. It feels weird when something that you never do before but surely there's once when they feel the same way to you.

To Kill a Mockingbird Quote Analysis

Reading Log: To Kill a Mockingbird, Chapters 5-7 â€Å"Then I saw the shadow†¦the shadow of a man with a hat on†¦the shadow, crisp and toast moved across the porch towards Jem.. When it crossed Jem†¦ he went rigid. † (53) The context of this quote is during their sneaky trip to Boo Radley’s house. This was the last day Dill was going to stay in Maycomb for this year, so they decided to take a quick peek at Radley Place by creeping around the house and looking through the side windows. As they are take a quick peek, the see the shadow of what they think is Boo with a hat on. They go numb with fear, and run for it.As they are leaving the area from under a fence, they hear a shotgun go off from Radley Place. The quote of narration from Scout accurately describes the kind of fear that the neighborhood legends give to the kids. The description, â€Å" He (Jem) put his arms over his head and went rigid† (53), shows how bloated up of a character Boo Radle y is. They do not even know if this shadow is Boo, however they are frozen with fear. However, after this event occurs, the little gifts that begin to appear in the tree leads the reader to make an educated guess that it is Boo Radley who is constantly giving these gifts.Since they used deductive reasoning to believe that it couldn’t have been Miss Maudie or any other person in Maycomb, they only other person in their neighborhood that came to mind was Boo Radley. Also, to enforce their conclusion that it was Boo Radley who was giving the gifts was when Nathan Radley cemented the hole in the tree. The series of gifts ending up in the tree molded Boo’s character into a more human-like personality. Miss. Maudie also told Scout that Boo used to be a nice boy who only became supposedly â€Å"insane† because of his family.She stated that Boo’s family was extremely religious and drove Boo insane when his father was constantly obsessed with â€Å"sin†. Sc out now has more sympathy for Boo, who is now a poor man who was abused as child, rather than a freak of nature who eats squirrels. Boo symbolizes the growth of Scout more mature perspective of the world. The quote represents Scouts (as well as Jem’s and Dill’s) childish mentality, and sets the framework for Scouts growth of maturity. I have a story that is eerily similar to this one. Several blocks down, we had a lady who never came out of the house.The legend in our townhome complex was that two of the kids only saw her face once, and she yelled at them the moment she saw them. She also supposedly looked like a witch, which was definitely a credible description for us 8 year-olds. Soon enough, we set out to see her face once more. The whole pack of us, about 6 people, stood in front of her house while one of us rang the doorbell several times consecutively to bait her out of her house. As we starting sprinting for our lives, we heard the loudest yelling we had ever h eard.Our fear of her had spiked up exponentially. But obviously, we needed to this again tomorrow. Same plan, same time, and we went underway. However, this time, we decided to hide behind some bushes adjacent to her house. Fifteen seconds later, she came out in a wheelchair with an oxygen tank beneath her. Our fear had turned to shame and sympathy immediately. The lie of her looking like a witch represents the legends of Boo having fangs and eating cats, and the sympathy we had for this lady in her wheelchair represents Boo having an abusive family as a child.

Research & Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research & Presentation - Essay Example D.). In keeping up with communication in an organization effectively, and efficiently a Human Resources manager is overseeing the importance of proper communication between lower level Human Resource managers, and senior level Human Resource managers. Having a stable, and reliable Information Technology system will ensure that the Human Resource managers will be kept up to date, and promptly informed if there is a change in anything, anywhere in the organization. This means if an organization is a multinational company the organization will benefit from having an up-to-date Information Technology department. The Human Resource management team will be able to communicate effectively, and efficiently with Human Resource managers in another nation. Having an effective, and reliable Information Technology system is important because if the Human Resources management team is not able to communicate effectively and efficiently with members of the team within the organization, the company w ill not remain competitive. Before a company can remain competitive a company needs to implement an Information Technology department, and everyone within the organization needs to communicate effectively, and efficiently. Company’s who are not contemporary companies and make use of Information Technology, and the computer cannot compete effectively with larger, more experienced companies who do utilize Information Technology. The Human Resources manger is able to keep files on employees in a database on the computer. The database is part of the Information Technology system. When Human Resource managers maintain records on employees in a database, Human Resource managers are able to maintain accurate information about an employees performance. In keeping accurate information on employee performances Human Resource managers will know when it comes time to terminate an employee. Human Resource managers maintain positive information about employees as well. Having the positive information at the Human Resource managers fingertips will allow a Human Resources manager to know when to give an employee a raise. Traditionally, Human Resource managers would maintain accurate information on the employee benefits package. This was done manually, and the information was stored in a file in a filing cabinet in the Human Resource managers office. Today, the Human Resource management team will maintain accurate information on employee benefit packages through the use of a database. This information can be shared with other Human Resource managers, and others within the organization who are in need of the information with the use of the Information Technology system. With the use of a reliable, and effective Information Technology system senior Human Resource managers are able to effectively communicate within the organization a number of important information. The Human Resource managers have come to rely on the Information Technology system to effectively do their j ob. When a company has an Information Technology system in place the company can effectively communicate within the organization whether, or not the company is a multinational company. The Information

Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federalism - Essay Example These various forms of de-centralization are done by systems of the national government which in turn gives it a multi-functional autonomy with the decision making process. When we inspect these multi forms of processes of de-centralization, the one that reflects as the dominant and functional form is federalism; this is where the legal sovereignty is shared between the central government and the national or regional governments. As the American nation was in its infancy, the debate that took place was over what would become of the United States government that we know today. Also which framework or in this case which form of government will it be? Madison mentions that the nation back then was split between two groups; the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, in the case of one group was pro Constitution and the other group opposed it (Madison et al, 1987, pp. 2-5). Since the American nation had a well-documented history of it becoming a federalist sovereign state, we will focus on its past and present considering that the theory of federalism has been proven for over two centuries. Within this context, it is found that federalism is the most efficient manner of dividing political power in a democracy. This essay will illustrate how the U.S. government considered that federalism was the best choice for the American nation. In this paper we will help define federalism in the first body paragraph and the argument according to it as well. It will be broken down into two parts which the second one will discuss the history of federalism.

Social Science & Social Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Science & Social Changes - Essay Example Slowly and gradually, these cities came closer forming different nations of the world. In this way, along with the growing population, the societies grew into civilizations and prospered over hundreds of years. The social orders that initially comprised a bunch of people, with the passage of time became large communities and large nations. Now, the whole world is coming closer day by day and is becoming one big global village. The current global trend supports globalization that emphasizes on living like a one big global community. With all these changes in societies, along the course of time, there came many opportunities, new possibilities and broader horizons, but with that equally came many risks, threats, uncertainties and crises. Cultures changed and so did people. With the new developments there came better education, better health, better life style, better communication and transportation, better techniques, procedures and processes, in fact, a whole new way of life; and with passing time, this process of evolution of the societies is becoming faster and faster that the way the social changes have bombarded us in last five decades, it had never done before. If we look at the life of the human being not very different from us who lives fifty years ago, we find such huge differences that it becomes very difficult to compare. Science and technology has prospered so much that the diseases that were thought of as completely incurable can now be treated using advanced techniques and processes. Treatment of life threatening diseases like cancer or life endangering situations like failure of a vital organ of the body is now possible and thus more and more precious lives can be saved. The new researches promise better education and better learning in a vast variety of areas. Researches are being conducted in practically every field of life. Science and technology has made life so easy that many tasks can easily be accomplished by just a flick of your finger over a button so the work that used to take weeks can now be done in days. So many things that man could only dream of as something miraculous are now a part of our every day lives. Life has become automatic; automatic cars, automatic machines, automatic gizmos and gadgets, even automatic homes. All one has to

Photosynthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photosynthesis - Essay Example The molecule is made up of a porphyrin ring with several carbon and nitrogen bonds and a magnesium ion in the center (Starr et al., 2009). The first part of photosynthesis is the light dependent reaction occurring in the thylakoid membrane. Here chlorophyll and other accessory pigments like beta carotene absorb different wavelengths of light in the antenna complex (Starr et al., 2009). When one chlorophyll pigment absorbs a photon of light in photosystem II, the molecule reaches a higher energy state, exciting its electron. This excitation results in the loss one electron which is then passed down the electron transport chain via electron carriers. The excited electron is transferred to another chlorophyll molecule in photosystem I creating a proton gradient. The transfer of electron results in the reduction of co-enzyme NADP to NADPH (Starr et al., 2009). The created energy also helps hydrogen ions to move across the thylakoid membrane. Also at the end of the proton gradient, the enzyme ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP by a process called photophosphorylation where the converted light energy will be stored (Starr et a l., 2009). A water molecule is also split though the process of photolysis resulting in an oxygen molecule and allowing the chlorophyll pigment to regain its lost electron. Therefore, at the end of the first cycle the resulting molecules are 3 ATP, 1 oxygen, and 2 NADPH (Starr et al., 2009). The second part of the process is called the light independent reaction and occurs in the stroma within the chloroplasts and is used to take the carbon dioxide molecule and convert it into sugar. Although, it doesn’t need the light, this part of photosynthesis relies on the products ATP and NADPH to drive its process, the Calvin cycle. The enzyme RuBisCO takes the carbon dioxide molecule and uses it to catalyze RuBP (Starr et al., 2009). The carbon dioxide combines with this 5-carbon molecule in a process called carbon fixation and produces 2

Improving Brand Loyalty through Brand Image Starbucks Company Dissertation

Improving Brand Loyalty through Brand Image Starbucks Company - Dissertation Example Gaining a competitive advantage by not just selling a product but selling a community; a place where people could have a sense of belonging. By touching people's emotions, they were able to hit right at the heart, where people are moved, and decisions are easily made based on emotions and what touches them. Their customers were made to feel special and a part of an elite group surrounded by others like them as those who purchased the coffees, other products (such as holiday items), and music could share the same social lifestyle-one that is upscale yet affordable (compared to real luxury brands that only the wealthy can partake.) It is more than just a mere cup of coffee that they were getting. It is a lifestyle, a community, a way of life. Starbucks 4 Table of Contents 1. Presentation1 1.1 Title..1 1.2 Executive Summary..2 1.3 Table of Contents..3 1.4 List of Tables..6 1.5 List of Figures.8 1.6 References/Bibliography..9 2. Introduction20 2.1 Background20 2.2 Research Problem/Justification of the Study22 2.3 Aims.23 2.4 Objectives/Research Questions..23 3.Literature Review24 3.1 Relevance..24 3.2 Up to Date..57 3. Methodology64 4.1 Selection and Justification of Research Method/Approach...64 4.2 Appropriateness of the Research Method/Approach..65 4.3 Research Design (Addressing Matters of Validity and Reliability)....68 4.4 Selection and justification of data collection methods.71 Starbucks 5 5. Research Results72 5.1 Analysis of Results72 5.2 Presentation...72 5.3 Discussion..75 6. Conclusion/Recommendations and Limitations of the Study..76 6.1 Link with the Aims and Objectives77 6.2 Link with the Research Problem...78 6.3 Practicality of recommendations...78 6.4 Awareness of... 2. Introduction 2.1 Background of the Study In today’s world, there are numerous of products on the market. In fact, there are too many products and brands to mention as it seems that just about every single thing imaginable has already been invented and available for sale. Due to technological advances, the Internet has provided tools for that businesses can use to create their brand and deliver the image that it wants consumers to have regarding their products like never before. So competition is fierce and companies must come up with new ideas that will make their products more desirable to consumers. The culture of the â€Å"luxury† brands industry is one of image. Nowadays people do not just buy a product simply for the product itself. Purchasing in order to just to have the product is not the only reason for investing money anymore. No longer do the days and age of mere survival (such as the Depression Era or before the Industrial Revolution) exist. Money and credit is at our disposal and life is more leisurely than before. Therefore, products must meet higher demands and standards. People live more luxuriously if even in appearance and image. It is this image and the culture that people buy into. For example, an individual who is making minimum wage and trying to make ends meet typically is happy with a car that is dependable. Then as life progresses, he/she becomes more comfortable and wants a car that does more than â€Å"run†. Features such as air conditioning, heater, and a radio become important.

Lynching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lynching - Essay Example And on that same day, residents claim that one of the thieves was captured and was set on fire resulting to the act of public lynching. Residents did this brutal act of public lynching because police didn’t give them enough protection and that the residents claimed justice into their own hands. Residents claim that the police in their community are corrupt and would not protect them if there was no corresponding amount of money involved. The residents protested and didn’t report to their work the following day. They have invited the police in their town to have a meeting and to settle the issue between the police and the community. During the meeting the residents demanded that the police protection in their community should be improved, that the stolen goods should be returned to its owners once the thief that was set on fire discharges out of the hospital, that the police stationed in their community are changed and that the robbers named â€Å"banda† will be e victed in Villa Pagador. After the burning on one of the robbers, the residents were labeled by the police and the media as savages. The residents had a furious reaction to this because they were the ones who were robbed and that they only took justice in their own hands because there was no way they could depend on the police as stated above, and now they are the ones being projected as dreadful people. Residents claim that the police in their community are being paid by the â€Å"banda† to give way on the robbery operations, that’s why the residents wanted to change the set of police in their community. These are the driving forces that lie behind the quest for visibility on the part of Villa Pagador residents. The residents in Villa Pagador are trying to achieve legitimate police protection and to change their image as savages. That’s why they showed there way of protesting through public lynching

Problem of Induction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem of Induction - Essay Example Human beings may however think of this, as having been caused by previous deeds and in most cases, man cannot overpower the situation. In accepting the happenings around us, it reduces the cost of imagination. Hume describes that when a body is restricted to one planet only having troubles and difficulties, the mind usually links these troubles to other planets that may not even be in existence (Hume 14). I agree because the past events do not affect the future of an individual who has an open mind set to rise above and beyond his or her limitations by learning from the past mistakes to avoid the same mistakes or to improve his or her quality of life. Ideas and thoughts will always depend on the previous attitude and feeling. There are those ideas, which can prove to be stand alone, but in the real sense closely evaluated will indicate that they too are born from the feelings before conception. However similar it may be for sounds entering the ear and colors seen by the eye are norma lly different in comparison. Considering this, the ideas arising from different shades are expected also to be different in nature (Hume 16). Impressions do not always give rise to ideas, however simple they may prove to be. The nature and reality of ideas has contradictions behind it. Bringing these ideas into clear vision and shading some light on them, however, can do away with this. Hume states that in the imagination of man, there is nothing that is freer. It however has power, which is unlimited to separating, mixing, dividing and compounding ideas, though it cannot go beyond the external and internal senses equipping the original ideas, and this implies to all the existing diversities of vision and fiction (Hume 34). In the world, there is nothing considered as chance. Opinion, belief and understanding are much influenced by our ignorance. Hume also states that â€Å"there is certainly a probability, that emanate as a result of superiority chances on any side; and accordingl y, as this superiority rises and surpassesing the opposite chances, the probability get the same increment, and begets still a higher degree or belief or assent to that side, in which we discover the superiority† (Hume 40). Disputes on philosophy are the main blame among the methods of reasoning, to make an effort of disapproving any hypothesis, to the hazardous effects of morality and religion by pretence (Hume 67). Usually opinions made are not false, but the same opinions implemented can lead to dangerous consequences. Though the consequences of action performed casually and ignorantly by men may be questionable, men are not blamed for actions of that nature. These actions however come to an end in them alone, because they are not momentary principled. On the other hand actions performed in a hasty nature may not meet the requirements and can be faulty; men are also not blamed for them. Character in this case is also affected by hasty temper (Hume 68). Liberty however, is i mportant to morality and no moral qualities are caused by liberty. Analogy forms the basis of all the reasoning concerned with matters of facts. This makes people believe that an event leading to some consequences will always be the reason for such consequences even in future. However, the analogy is perfect where the causes prove the same and the deduction made out of it can

Operation Iraqi Free

Operation Iraqi Freedom Essay The relationship between the United States and Iraq has been a rather complicated relationship. This relationship can be classified as a roller coaster ride that last through out history. The United States and Iraq relationship became rocky in 1958 when King Faisal was overthrown and Iraq signed with the Soviet Union. Because of the relationship that the United States had with the Soviet Union this made Iraq and the United States relationship a little questionable. In 1967 Iraq broke all ties with the United States when they decided to join ranks in the protest of the United States and Israeli strategic alliance. This decision that the Iraqi made once a country we were allies to a country we do not trust but we will deal with, a country that became a server threat to the United States. However, when Iraq needed us to help them stand against Iran, the United States was there. Regardless of how shady the relationship was with Iraq, the United States saw Iran to be more of a threat then Iraq. Prior to this the United States had removed Iraq from the State Department list of state that sponsors terrorism. The United States did all this in hope of a closer relationship with Baghdad, Iraq. This step the United States made to get closer to Baghdad is what opened the door for the United States to have access to Iraq. By November 1984, the relationship between the United States and Iraq had been at full diplomatic. Needless to say, the United States did not full trust Iraq but did not see them as a serious threat. Iraq continuously showed the United States that they could not be trust by committing various acts against the United States in a way that seemed to be unnoticeable. On March 17, 1987, the Iraqi’s seem to have accidentally hit a United States ship, mistaking it for the USS Shark, this â€Å"mistaken† identify caused the like of thirty-nine American sailors. As if that was not enough, in June 1982 the assassination of the Israel’s ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, was link to Iraq. The United States, although in what seemed to be a peaceful relationship with Iraq, still believed Iraq to be a sponsor of terrorism. The United Stated did remove Iraq from the list, however it was not necessarily done because of belief that Iraq was not sponsoring terrorist but it was done in the exchanged for expulsion of Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal. The United States did not doubt that Baghdad was sponsoring terrorist, and the United States was completely right in their thinking. In 1985, Iraq shelter terrorist that was involved in the hijacking of the Achjille Lauro cruise ship and the murder of the wheelchair-bound United States citizen Leon Klinghoffer. Also two terrorist that had planned an attack was held in Rome on their way to the United States. Yet still the United States did not see Saddam Hussein and his regime as a serious threat. Prior to Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Iraq had destroyed the Iranians in April-July 1988 and the United State quickly disengages with Iraq. The overthrow of Iran brought power to Saddam Hussein and his regime that was not there prior to the Iran-Iraq war. During the war Kuwait allow Iraq to borrow seventeen billion dollars, but instead of Saddam Hussein paying it back like Iraq agreed to, he decide to tell Kuwait to right it of because they owned Iraq for protecting them from Iran. Iraq since 1961, when the British ended it’s protectorate in Kuwait, it was then that the Iraqi government claimed Kuwait was an â€Å"integral part of Iraq† (6). If it was not for Britain, Saddam Hussein would have taken over Kuwait in July 1961, so Iraq has had the idea of controlling Kuwait for quit some time, therefore the idea of Kuwait being in debt to Iraq for protecting â€Å"Kuwait† was just a way that Saddam Hussein was using to cause Kuwait to surrender to him. The United States was ready for the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, so ready that the military was playing war games to train for it and in the middle of training the United States started to see the Armed Forces war games play out in real life. On August 2, 1990 Iraq started to make their move to attack Kuwait. Iraq’s war plan was to kill the royal family or Kuwait, in so they attacked reclaim royal palaces and the Dasman Places. On that same day by eight o’clock that morning Iraq had completely invaded Kuwait City, however the Kuwait royal family was able to escape due to the Emiri Guard delaying actions. This invasion on Kuwait allowed Saddam Hussein to have control or five percent of the world’s production and 19.6 percent of proven global reserves (10). As a result of this attack and take over of Kuwait, Iraq was in serious challenge to the 1980 Carter Doctrine that said, â€Å"any attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America. And such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force† (10). The Kuwait attack is the reason that the relationship between Iraq and the United States went bad, clearly the relationship was unstable from the beginning, and Saddam Hussein had proven time and time again that he could not be trusted so no one wanted to trust him with so much control over the world’s oil. This invasion of Iraq on Kuwait was the start of the building of Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert Shield officially started on August 7th 1990 when United State aircraft started to arrive in the Gulf. The mission of the United States was to go in a liberate Kuwait, and their plan in doing so was to attack the Iraqi Army along the boarders of Kuwait and Iraq. In this attack it would deliberately keep the pressure up all through the night allowing the United Stated to by time on the â€Å"Time-on-Target† (14). Operation D3esert Shield was known as D-Day, This plan where complete on August 20th, and some of the other plans were for United States aircraft making and â€Å"hard initial thrust† against the Iraqi forces for the first seven hours the invasion. Also the plans that the United States had was to provision for land-based aircraft to relocate while the aircraft carriers USS Eisenhower and Independence (14). Operation Desert Shield lasted until October allowing all the aircraft to take their places and get ready for the start of Operation Desert S torm. Operation Desert Storm began January 17th, 1991, with the same mission to go in and set Kuwait free, for their royal family was working as custodians of Islam’s holist shrines, Makkah and Medina. The first weapon that was launch in Operation Desert Storm the TLAM that came from the Red Sea headed towards Baghdad. However it was not the first to hit anything, the Hellfire missile was the first to make an impact causing a gap in the Iraqi’s surveillance radar and the boarders of Saudi Arabia. It also had many more successful hits. Operation Desert Storm lasted forty-three days before the United States. February 7th, 1991, the United States was jointed by Joint Special Operation Task Force with the British. The DIA claim that only sixty Scuds was destroyed and most appeared to be ones of commercial articulate. On the 30th of January there were a number of Jordanian trucks that was hit and destroyed. The Unite States has did not claim collateral damage until 1992(67). During Operation Desert Storm on January 30. There was major collateral damage when the United States tried to hit Tigris Bridge and by mistake hit the Iraq Central Bank. Things may look to have gone perfect but a lot of the outside, but the United States there were a lot mistakes that was made. On February 25th 1990 this was the day the ground war took place, this day is known as G-Day. The day before, February 24th, the marine forces and two Islamic corps began diversionary attacks into the Saddam Line. The XVIII Corps launched a deep thrust towards Highway eight, and by the end of the day marine and Islamic forces had breached the Saddam Line and air mobile XVIII Corps forces had established forward operating base, known to this day as FOB, Cobra more then 280 kilometers inside the Iraqi boarders. This was known an Operation Desert Saber. During the ground war there were steps taken to ensure that the possibility of fratricide would be lower. The first step was related specifically to friendly fir between ground units. In order to do this GPS equipped units had to ensure that they were correctly aligned with their unit boundaries and were not moving or shooting over those boundaries. Secondly, Coalition units sacrificed precious seconds to ensure positive identification of targets, sometimes pausing six to ten seconds to be sure it was the Iraqi’s or allowing them to get close enough to get a clear visual identifying it was the Iraqi’s(105). On February 1991, Kuwait was completely set free, and although Operation Desert Storm only last a short time, the conflict with Iraq had never can to an end. Many things went on between the United States and cease fire that take place on March 3. Saddam Hussein he was really upset with the United States for innerving with his attempt to take over Kuwait. He was upset that the United States came in a liberated Kuwait from the Iraqi’s. This rescue mission was not just about free Kuwait but it was also about, taking away the power Saddam Hussein had gained room to take over in Iraq No one wanted to see a man who had proven too many countries time and time again that he is a man that can not be trusted at all . The time after Operational Desert Storm until the Operation Iraqi Freedom, was not a peaceful journey for the United States. Because of Saddam Hussein’s angry with the United States; the United States has suffered many attacks from Iraq. After the war the United States came in control of the airspace over the boarder of Saudi Arabia. This area was continually attacked by Saddam Hussein in this area. In September 1990, United States Air Force Brig. Gen. Bustert Glosson remains in the Saudi Arabia area to take command of the Special Planning Group that had developed a new integration of Instant Thunder which is now known as Offensive Campaign-Phase One. The mission of Instant Thunder Phase One was to reduce the strength of Iraqi’s deviations and there should be no diversion of air strikes against fielded armed force. The Saddam Hussein regime, the Baathist, the one that would give the most trouble was \ after Operation Desert Storm in March 1990 went from it survival tactics to becoming a resistant regime. From July 23, 1992, the Iraqi’s began to launch air attacks and continued to increase between the months of April and August, showcasing Saddam Hussein’s freedom of action. It was during this time that the United States, Bush distraction formed the â€Å"no-fly zone† Every since both of the no-fly zone in both the north, formed April 1991 and the south, formed in August 1992, was formed Saddam Hussein main goal had been to shoot down a United States aircraft using a mix of aerial and SAM forces(131). During this time Saddam Hussein was building his forces and he began to fly his aircraft in the no-fly zone, on January 6, 1993 Present Bush gave Iraq forty-eight hours to remove there aircrafts from the no-fly zone, Iraq to back away and removed their SAM from the area. However Saddam sent unarmed men into the United Nations’ zone to recover an aircraft that was lost in Desert Storm. The HY-2 Silkworm was no longer theirs it was suppose to go to Kuwait, this breach into the zone that separated Iraq from Kuwait is was started the first war between Operation Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The first attack on Iraq since Operation Desert Storm was Operation Provide Comfort. One of the mistakes of Operation Provide Comfort is it was unsuccessful because the United States decided to attack anyway with out being able to visional see the target. On January 11th and 12th the weather was bad and they were unable to see but because they were running out of time, the United States attacked anyway on January 12th. Once the United States was able to see what targets was hit, they quickly learned that it was a bad mission, out of the thirty-three targets only sixteen had been hit. On August 31st, an Iraqi armored spearhead thrust northward into the Green Lines and this action cause once again another attack on Iraq, Operation Desert Strike. From this point there have been countless attacks on Iraq due to Saddam Hussein’s many attempts to destroy the United States. Saddam Hussein has attack many of the United States’ U-2’s that were guarding the no-fly zone that he continually violated. Operation Desert Thunder I, II, and IV was all organized because Iraq kept violating the no-fly zone rules. However Saddam Hussein had a stagy known as â€Å"cheat and retreat.† By this time the UN had set up inspections throughout Iraq in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) On many occasion Saddam Hussein would deny the inspectors access to certain places then when the United States were about to take action Saddam Hussein would retreat and back down. Saddam Hussein had used the cheat and retreat tactic so much that finally the Clinton administration took action and Operation Desert Fox took place. Because of so many times that Iraq would back down once the United States had spent money to deploy troops, the United States decided to make Operation Desert Fox a surprise by not deploying any more troops in the area only using the troops that was already in theater. This Operation started on December 18-19 as a successful mission; however things did not go all well because the United States received the wrong information about the where about of Saddam Hussein and his family. The United States was told that Saddam and his family would be at one of his wife’s places, Dora, but it was empty and had been for sometime. There were many other events that lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom, but what push the limit for the United States was the events that took place on September 11. 2001 at 0730 Baghdad time a Predator was lost while flying a reconnaissance mission, making it the second to be lost in a few weeks time the first was shoot down. Also on this day nine hours later the first plane hit the north tower of the World Trade Center. The U.S. had enough of Iraq, all the trouble they have had with Iraq, the hit of the tower, on the U.S. soil was a wake up call. So on March 21 Operation Iraqi Freedom began. After Operation Iraqi Freedom, the relationship between the U.S. and Iraq seems to be at better standing and once again with the destroying of Saddam’s regime and the capture and execution of Saddam Iraq seems to be on good terms with the United States and now seems to be working for the same goal.

Cyrus the Great Essay Example for Free

Cyrus the Great Essay Cyrus continued his expansion by moving west and conquered Croesus of Lydia in 546 BCE and ordered it split and ruled by satraps. Continuing to move west, he conquered the Chaldean empire of Babylon in 538 BCE of whom was led by King Nabonidus. Cyrus’ expansion continued to the Aegean Sea, where he had acquired several Greek city-states in Anatolia and had turn them over to satraps. His successors would later unsuccessfully try to conquer Greece. His empire also continued east to the Indus River Valley, where he eventually met his demise and the end of his empire. He had several capitals throughout his massive empire including Persepolis, Susa, Babylon, and Pasargadae, where he is buried to this day. Woodard 2 The key factor that made Cyrus’ rule much more successful than previous and future leaders was the way he treated the conquered parts of his empire. He was known has a great leader even according to Herodotus, who compared him quite favorably to other Persian rulers. Herodotus said it is because of this fixing of tribute  [by Darius]  and other similar ordinances that the Persians called Darius the merchant, Cambyses the master and Cyrus the father  ; for Darius made petty profit out of everything, Cambyses was harsh and arrogant, Cyrus was merciful and always worked for their well-being.? Many accounts of his kindness were kept in the Cyrus Cylinder. The cylinder is written in Babylonian script stating that Marduk, the city-god of Babylon, had looked for a champion to restore Babylon to it’s old ways, and chose Cyrus, King of Persia, and declared him king of the world. ? Marduk ordered Cyrus to rule over the tribes of Iran justly, and to march on Babylon which was uncontested, and the King of Babylon surrendered and the people of Babylon rejoiced for Cyrus as their king. Cyrus had set himself apart from other rulers by compromising with his empire rather than forcing his entire will on them. He accomplished this by allowing people that had been moved from their homeland to return, most notably allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem after Nebuchadnezzar had them exiled and held captive in Babylon.? On top of them returning, Cyrus also encouraged them to rebuild their temple, which was also one of his finer qualities. During his conquests, he would allow the people to keep their religions and cultural differences, while allowing them to part of the Persian Empire. While Cyrus did allow these freedoms, he also was able to create an empire-wide trade network as well as a commanding Woodard 3 army due to an overall agenda that allowed him to keep his people happy while allowing his empire to expand. By allowing the Jews to return home and build a temple, he knew fortifications would be built in order to protect the border of his empire. This also allowed for a buffer between the empire and Egypt. He also was able to utilize the Phoenicians by using their trade network to gain access to Egypt’s resources in exchange for being a part of the Persian Empire. His eventual downfall came during his conquests in the Indus River Valley. According to Ctesias, he fought against the Derbici, a central- Asian tribe, who were assisted by the Indians, and they wounded him with a spear.? He was taken back to the capital city of Persepolis to die peacefully. Another account by Herodutus claims that Cyrus was at battle with the Massagetae, and he was knocked off his horse by Tomyrus, the queen of the Massagatae. She then cut his head off with a single slice. Due to these, the exact cause of Cyrus’ death cannot be determined, though he was buried in Pasargadae. ? Throughout all of the rulers in the Ancient World, Cyrus the Great was one of the most successful because he knew how to be a benevolent ruler. Instead of being demanding and risking rebellions, he learned how to compromise with his people, and allow them to have freedom while still having control, which ultimately led to one of the greatest empires built to this day.

An Analysis Of Global Alliances

An Analysis Of Global Alliances As a matter of survival, airlines within the current environment are constantly reviewing and altering their strategies. An important component of any airlines strategy to remain viable and maintain competitive advantage in todays setting is to pool resources and share risk, known as an alliance. A broad definition of an alliance that occurs in the aviation industry is the collaboration between two or more firms that retain their autonomy during the course of their relationship (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004). To that end, there are certain variations of airline alliance in vogue today, in particular the Global Airline Alliance. Starting with a synopsis and identification of these alliance groups, the discussion will move to a selection and analysis of benefits and shortcomings that can be associated with global alliances from a business and consumer perspective. From here, an appreciation will be gained of the major airline alliances and typical rationale of alliance strategies. Currently, the most popular forms of coalition in the airline business are the non-equity marketing alliances known as Airline Alliance Groups (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004) or Global Multicarrier Alliances (Cools Roos, 2005). At the present time, the main global multicarrier alliance networks are Star Alliance, One World, and Skyteam (UBM, 2010). These alliances are predominantly a massive global network of multilateral codesharing and joint resource Air Service Agreements (ASAs) between carriers. This allows a central point of contact for the passenger to ensure a convenient, smooth and efficient worldwide travel experience (Star Alliance, 1997). Although individual airlines are aligned under the umbrella of a single corporate entity, distinct airline brand identities and cultures are retained. These alliances have set out to revolutionise seamless air travel for the international passenger from hub to hub and beyond. Additionally, the synergies created were only possible due to ast ute governance of previously implausible collaboration. To that end, airline conglomerates now understand The best way to generate real business growth and expansion is by forging the appropriate strategic partnerships (Borovich Yeheskel, 2001). From an airline business perspective, membership in a global alliance has one distinct, instantaneous and strategic advantage. Almost overnight, all member airlines geographic route structures will have expanded without costly capital investment in infrastructure and assets. This allows airlines to service routes that were previously deemed non-profitable or inaccessible, albeit on other alliance members aircraft. This complementary alliance (Oum Park, 1997, as cited in Chen Ross, 2000, p. 328) has the flow on effect of generating untapped markets within the domestic environment and yielding higher load factors for all alliance members aircraft operations. Henceforth, this produces larger revenues which in turn diminishes overhead costs and maintains more efficient airlines by lowering unit cost base (Doganis 2001, p. 76). While this contributes to diversification and larger profit margins for collaborating airlines, the traveller can be confident airfare cost will remain relativel y reasonable assuming competition remains viable on any given route. This is a beneficial outcome for all involved, both airline businesses and the consumer. A comparable example where alliances between two airlines operating on the same route is however, considered anti-competitive (Chen Ross, 2000, p 328). Here the competing airlines could strike a codeshare accord, typically after a tenuously long and protracted battle attempting to gain market share. This is routinely known as a parallel alliance (Oum Park 1996, p. 190), however this is unfortunately likely to result in cartel type price fixing. This form of alliance generally benefits the airlines as it narrows competition and has a propensity to create a higher demand for a particular service, hence higher airfares (Chen Ross, 2000, p 328). Conversely, the pre-alliance scenario utilising capacity dumping (NZ Parliament, 2006), where supply exceeds demand, only profits the consumer with ridiculously low and unsustainable airfares. This invariably serves to strengthen the dominant market leaders position by financially eliminating the competition in the long term. These types of al liance are inherent of predatory behaviour with very little consumer benefit and require antitrust immunity (Bilotkach, 2005, p. 168). An example of this type of arrangement within the global alliance networks does exist, although on the exceedingly competitive North Atlantic route between Lufthansa and United Airlines (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 23). While codesharing is one weapon with which to condense costs, create better margins and maintain a reasonably priced service, it is not the only resource available to benefit allying partners and the consumer. One only needs to visit any of the global airline networks websites to see a large scale joint marketing experience. Consequently, Extensive market presence plays an essential role in major airlines plans for survival and prosperity (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 113), and this influence is an effective tool when multiple powerful brands are combined. For the smaller airlines within the alliance groups, association with some of the mega-carriers alone is a sufficient marketing device to increase recognition and augment passenger numbers. This is simply a case of if passengers do not find you, they will not fly you (Bammer, 2000, as cited in Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 121). For the bigger carriers in the group, enhanced economies of scale (Doganis, 2001, p. 76), scope and d ensity (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 39) beckon, to provide growth quickly while mitigating a host of regulatory and economic barriers. This coincides with the global alliance concept To contribute to the long-term profitability of its members beyond their individual capabilities (Star Alliance, 2010, p. 6). Another advantage of such extensive market sway is the collective consumable and asset purchasing power. Doganis states, the Star Alliance group is estimated to save between five to seven percent each year with this strategy (2001, p. 78). In contrast, these combined marketing regimens can be inflexible and force a loss of individual brand identity. As the global alliance brand builds its own characteristics, it will be perceived by the customer to deliver a certain expectation, and if not all of the alliance members fit the model, they may be forced to compromise their own identities to conform, or risk being extricated. This is known as the domino effect (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 17). The airlines are not the sole profiteer from this vast marketing onslaught. Customer satisfaction, retention and relationship quality is the target of any marketing strategy, and with immensely large global brands and reputations at risk, standards will always be under scrutiny. The consumer perception of these alliance groups is that of a seal of quality (Kleymann Seristà ¶, 2004, p. 39), and all members are logically required to exact some consistency over the service spectrum. To that end, the global alliance groups have combined value adding resources to meet or exceed the expectations of the high value international traveller (Star Alliance, 2010, p. 6). Some pertinent examples are: priority check-in, lounge access, additional baggage allowances, priority boarding, global ticketing, common terminals and priority baggage handling. As aforementioned, the consistency and variation with which these additional benefits are delivered can provide a potential drawback. Products vary f rom brand to brand, for example; Air New Zealand has a premium economy seat (Star Alliance, 1997), of which not all airlines utilise. A customer that purchases this seat flying from New Zealand to Germany with alliance codeshare partner Lufthansa (McCaw, 2010), would in all likelihood be downgraded to an economy seat from England or the United States. Furthermore, differing cultures can also play a role with service delivery. Once again, the customer flying from New Zealand to Germany may enjoy the relaxed Kiwi attitude, but may be overwhelmed by the clinical and formal German approach, or vice versa. Henceforth, Kleymann and Seristà ¶ suggest successful brand image and customer fulfilment is particularly relevant to quality and consistency of service (2004, p. 121). Global alliances offer many joint benefits to consumers from airlines prospering within their own niche, which could not be possible without reliance on international partners. While the phenomenon of globalisation is a reality and people seek to condense and simplify work, time and travel experiences, global airline alliances fit the mould as a reaction to seek balance. At present, the rules of international aviation preserve sovereignty and do not endorse a truly competitive environment. While grandfathering provisions of landing rights at major airports and governmental influence in survivability of flag carriers ensues, the only room for growth from independents is to collude. At this point in time, global alliances serve the needs of both consumers and airline businesses. As with every decision, there are good and bad consequences and not all choices will gratify everyone. Global alliances endeavour to satisfy the majority, while sustaining the future of the alliance members to provide a useful service. Until all nations relax rules around freedoms of the air and airline foreign ownership, so as to furnish a genuine open skies policy, these mega-conglomerates will flourish. Word Count: 1343

Slavery :: Slavery Essays

For purposes of this discussion, it is the intent of this author to assess the plight of African Americans at a time when they were merely slaves, captives taken forcibly by rich white American merchants to a new and strange land called America. Right from the very beginning, slavery was a controversial issue. It was fraught with the constant reminder of man's inhumanity to man. This was evidenced in the literature as well as movements such as the abolitionists, and one most notably John Brown, who has been portrayed as a kind of maniacal character, who would stop at nothing to see this God given mandate carried out. Similarly, books such as "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe did much to fuel the controversy that was slavery in the United States. Of course we now know that slavery as it was understood in the 19th century lasted up until the officiation of the Emancipation Proclamation, or slaves, or now newly pronounced African Americans were given their freedom, and their struggle assumes a new direction in attempting to gain equality for themselves. This is a struggle which continues today, and is not much less controversial. Nevertheless, for historical purposes, I should like to further attempt to dissect events as they existed at that time. Slavery was a practice which was much favored by the South. In the North, Americans were more industrial oriented, and had little use for slaves. They could afford to be more moralistic about the issue. However, when it came to the plight of land owners and Americans who lived in the Southern part of a very young country, that was America, they were highly preoccupied with their agrarian lifestyle. It is a fact that even George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson had slaves as did many of the forefathers of the new country. It is also true that many of these individuals had children with their Black slaves, and although it is similarly a matter of historical record that they did free their slaves, if not while th ey were alive, in their Last Will and Testament. What this means is that slavery was an issue of economics to the South, and a moral dilemma for those Americans who lived in the North. By the mid-1850's the spirit of accommodation had all but vanished. Northern interest in Emancipation pushed by abolitionists, eroded relations between families North and South.

The Importance of Light in A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

This paper will discuss the use of light in the play, "A Streetcar Named Desire", by Tennessee Williams. Blanche’s relation to light is quite obvious because she tries to avoid bright light of any kind. Her reaction to light can be regarded as an attempt to hide her true nature as well as her vanishing beauty and youth. By hiding from the light, she tries to escape reality. She covers the naked light bulb with a Chinese paper lantern, saying, â€Å"I can’t stand a naked light bulb, any more than I can a rude remark or a vulgar action† (Sc.3 p. 2093). This remark shows that Blanche would rather hide behind polite phrases than accept truth and reality. The paper lantern is not very stable, though, and it can easily be destroyed, just like her illusions. In scene six, she takes Mitch home with her and says, â€Å"Let’s leave the lights off† (Sc.6 p. 2309). Blanche thinks of Mitch as a future husband, and therefore she does not want him to know her past or her true age, and the best way to hide her age is to stay out of bright light where he could possibly see her wrinkles and fading youth in her face. Later in that scene, Blanche tells Mitch about her husband Allan: â€Å"When I was sixteen, I made the discovery – love. All at once and much, much too completely. It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on something that had always been half in shadow, that’s how it struck the world for me† (Sc. 6 p. 2113). In her past, light used to represent love, but now it represents something destructive for her. Allan’s suicide erases the light or love, and thus she now does not believe in it any longer and tries to escape from the light and therefore escape reality. When Mitch tears off the paper lantern in order to take a closer look at her in the bright light, â€Å"she utters a frightened gasp† (Sc. 9 p. 2125). Then she tells him, â€Å"I don’t want realism. I want magic! Yes, yes, magic! I try to give that to people. I misrepresent things to them. I don’t tell truth, I tell what ought to be truth.

The Chi Omega Spirit - Overcoming Obstacles and Achieving Success :: Personal Narratives

The Chi Omega Spirit - Overcoming Obstacles and Achieving Success For as long as I can remember I have set high goals for myself regarding my future, my friendships, and my education. Entering college with these standards I knew that I wouldn’t settle for less than my best, and I would strive to amaze myself at my success. One thing I never fit into my planned path of achievement was any type of struggle, or obstacle that could alter the way I have thought for so long. The first month of college I fell upon an obstacle I never could have imagined. I suffered a knee injury and missed continuous classes following the accident as well as surgery that was necessary to my recovery. These things tested my strength as a person, but also as a student. It made everything a little more complicated, even the little things like getting out of bed in the morning. I pushed myself to see the end of the tunnel I felt seemed impossible to crawl out of. Many things helped me along the way, and just as I hadn’t imagined my accident, I couldn’t ha ve imagined the support I found everywhere around me. I know that I can overcome obstacles in the future now because of my determination for success and the use of helpful resources all around me. Adjustment to college life seemed like it wasn’t going to be all that it was made out to be for someone like me. I am a planner, and an independent person who has never had a problem figuring things out on my own. Joining my sorority offered other things to adjust to than most college freshman understand. It meant the I was representing Chi Omega in everything I do and there are certain standards to live by than just my own. I knew that if I wanted to be initiated after winter break I had to make certain grades, have the study hours, and the initiative to be at mandatory events and meetings when I was supposed to be. It was a perfect October day in Flagstaff for our first intramural flag football game. This was the first time I was representing Chi Omega, and the proud feeling I had of wearing our letters and being a part of the team I will never forget. I went in about half way through the first half of the game.

Management Qualification Case Study Essay

Dear Amanda, as you know so many start-up small businesses like yours and often run in to the trouble of mismanagement because of so many assumptions based on establishing the business mission, vision statements; human resource management; lack of employee motivation; lack of properly defined working standards for employees and other outcomes measurable; not taking any concern of negative information about the organization especially from the clients which costs the organizations image and remaining too busy to pay attention to the establishment of problem solutions, lack of equity among employees and lack of proper follow up on the employees work. All these are consolidated in the four functions of management which are organizing, planning, controlling and directing. As the manager of Smith accounting and Tax service business, you I acknowledge the fact that you had the right qualifications and had a good start as you identified an opportunity to expand your business and did just like that of (Gronkiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Your work is commendable however, the most important part of overseeing the business is what you put aside with the aim of acquiring more clients and make more returns. Planning is quite important for any business regardless if it is large or small. This is because all functions associated with management fall under planning and lack of planning is planning to fail (Guzzle, 2011). On one part of the business, the management was good because upon realizing that and expansion opportunity was available you seized the opportunity and announced  interviews for qualified professionals which was quite successful. However, the fact that Lisa was responsible for the interviews is quite a failure. This is because it is clear from your case that Lisa had not qualifications in the field of accounting and taxation. She may have been quite alright in picking the best and most competent employees from their application documents but this does not mean that your presence should not have made a difference (Rane, 2007).This clearly indicates that even though your company knew what they wanted to seize the expansion opportunity, there was lack of human resource planning which is clearly evident in the underestimation of the job description, job design, selection and recruitment. It is true Lisa had worked with you for some time and was doing great but there was no reason for the owner of the business to have little or no time for new employees during their interviews yet she is the one who knew what she needed most (Buzzle, 2011). The success of the interviews was yet another source of planning because, dear Amanda you came to believe that Lisa was competent enough to handle duties requiring your attention even without. This made your schedule too tight for responsibilities that you and only you could handle hence poor time management that found you too busy to have valuable time to provide guidance and management direction concerning the works of the other of your employees (Rane, 2007). I am glad you identified your failure before it was too late as with right planning of your time as the manager, and with such a dedicated assistance such as Lisa, planning your time to suit all your responsibilities with little or no delegation of powers is quite essential.Amanda, you and me agree that your business wants to go places in the future, but with the presence of conflicting interests and always delegated duties, chances are that the business will fail and the future remain doomed (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). So what is right to bring your business back on feet is to ensure that you deal with the present problems one after the other and promise your clients to expect even better services in future. Reassure your employees that their trust in your services is not in vain and  that you will work towards that by implementing proper time management leaving time even for emergency matters that may call for your attention even away from the day’s schedule. After the business is up, ensure you implement proper human resource planning, job design and description, selection and recruitment processes. Be there and let the new employees get to know who they will be working for and what is expected of them (Rane, 2007). Probably Lisa lacked the knowledge to tell them what was expected of them and which made even you to assume that you were dealing with intellectuals who understood their job well and would always give their best. Amanda, remember that planning for all businesses is ongoing. The reasons for my arguments are because the external and internal factors affecting your business aren’t constant. For instance in your case, it was only after four months in business that Lisa started receiving calls from unsatisfied clients (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Despite the fact that these clients held the future of your business, you chose to ignore them and left Lisa to maneuver her way out in dealing with them. Clearly, Lisa isn’t qualified in that field and as a manager you delegated duties and locations to your newly employed accountants which mean Lisa was carrying the burden of another employee. Having received such calls from clients meant that you as the manager had to call an urgent meeting with the employee responsible and deal with the problem from that point on. However, you chose to depend on the mission and motto of the organization assuming that the zeal it brought to you was th e same given to everyone else (Rane, 2007). In such a case Amanda, a manager must always offer directions to the employees after assessing their work and performance. It is true that new clients were forthcoming as can be seen from the range of returns brought in by the employees, 100-175. However, the quality of services was way too far from what a business in need of a larger market share and a competitive advantage was after (Buzzle, 2011). Including directions in your management is important in a number of ways. First, all employees are prone to deviating from the business goals and objectives probably due to the pressure that comes with the work they are to do. However, this does not  mean you leave them to themselves to solve such problems. Instead, as a manager, there is need for constant provision of guidance and instructions geared towards achievement of the organizations goals and objectives. Lisa, your role as a manager should be offering directions and instructions and that is what is wanted. For Amanda who was your acquaintance at the initiation of the business, good work is always rewarded. However, the other new employees, despite working hard and bringing commendable results within the first taxation year, no rewards have been offered to them. Employee motivation is quite essential in employee performance (Rane, 2007). This is because having great qualifications for the job doesn’t mean that the client must always offer their best. Something must be done to make them feel as the most important part of the organization without the efforts of which the organization would not be where it is. Amanda, adopting directions or leadership in your management will provide influence to the employees as well as mould their behavior towards the attainment of the organizations goals and objectives. Additionally, this will serve as a guide to the employees towards the attainment of personal and career goals. Influencing the employees through employee motivation may include provision of incentives and other benefits and rewards to hard working employees (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Additionally Amanda, with effective communications, the relationship between you and the employees is bond to improve for the better and this will work effectively in problem solving as problems will be discovered on time, discussed and efficient solutions achieved for the same. Your leadership efforts are appreciated in incorporating the Monday mornings for meetings to discuss individual progress. However, you leave out an important point of requiring knowing the challenges and the different problems being faced by the individuals in their working places. This s important in identifying areas of concern that affects all employees including yourself and searching for solutions to make your services of better quality and reliable. As a manager, you lacked control of your organization. Amanda this allows me to point out several occasions such experiences happened (Marcic, & Daft, 2010). For instance, despite employees being aware of their duties and responsibilities, you failed to provide them with standards. For companies such as yours where one is recognized by the number of new clients they bring in, it is easy for the employees to forget the other performance requirements like quality, timely and satisfactory services (Rane, 2007). This is what happened in your case as well, it was only after about four months of operations the newly acquired clients started complaining of poor services. Instead of depending on their qualifications, you should have insisted on an evaluation and job performance reporting session that would have provided the details of one’s work and how they meet organizations goals and objectives. This way you could have kept track of the performance of each employee for guidance and directions. Lastly Amanda, as a manager you should have been the best organizer for the company. By organization it means that everything should be done for a reason and everything done must be accounted for (Marcic, & Daft, 2010). Allocating employees to different locations was one step to organization but much needed to be done in terms of matching the input resources to the outcomes in terms of consumer satisfaction and company’s returns (Frankiewicz, & Churchill, 2006). Your workplace for one wasn’t organized since everything was left as the role of Lisa your assistance. This would have been probably the source of low motivation amongst employees to meet the organizations objectives in their services. I recommend that you as a manager handle all the personnel and resources in the most profitable way to your organization.This way, you gain respect, employees feel responsible for their actions and the workplace becomes something everyone longs to be in (Rane, 2007). bibliography Buzzle, (2011). Management concepts. Buzzle.com. retrieved on 14 Oct 2011 from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management.html. Frankiewicz, C., & Churchill, C., (2006). Managing for improved

Pacific Oil Company Failed Negotiation

Richard Paguirigan National University/Law 402 Professor Hamlin January 22, 2012 1. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Fontaine's and Gaudin's negotiating strategy in their deliberations with Reliant Chemical Company. Fontaine and Gaudin started off with a competitive strategy, wherein the outcome of the negotiation was more important than the relationship. This is evidenced by the fact that the market for VCM would be oversupplied in a few years due to the building of new chemical plants and a drop in demand. Pacific only needed to secure an extension from Reliant to enable them to maintain operations for just a while longer or until they could come up with a new business strategy for the future. There is nothing to suggest that Pacific had any incentive to maintain a relationship with Reliant after that time. Although Pacific was considering becoming a producer of PVC products in order to minimize its dependence on external sales, no firm decision had yet been made so Pacific’s possible survival was still up in the air. Fontaine and Gaudin were aware that they had less than a three year window in which to extend the contract. They also knew that Reliant was probably aware that the market was going soft. Although Fontaine and Gaudin began their efforts with a sense of urgency to extend the contract with Reliant, they came into negotiation not having really developed their strategy and how they would attack it. They were unprepared for the issues that Reliant brought up and were essentially on the defensive throughout. The sense of urgency that exhibited coming into the negotiations was undermined by their failure to set time limits or deadlines. They were fair game for â€Å"entrapment† by the Reliant since they really had no information about Reliant’s situation and therefore could not counter or reverse the attack. Although Competitive Strategy was the intent, poor planning and unanticipated problems along the way caused their strategy to get flipped around and they succumbed to utilizing an Accommodating strategy (lose to win) in the end. Strengths: â€Å"The accommodating strategy may be used to encourage a more interdependent relationship, to increase support and assistance from the other, or even cool off hostile feelings if there is tension in the relationship. If the relationship is ongoing, then it may be particularly appropriate to â€Å"back down† now, to keep communication lines open and not pressure the opponent to give in on something that they do not want to discuss (Lewicki 18)†. Weaknesses: In most cases, this is a short-term strategy used with the expectation that accommodation now will create an opportunity to achieve outcome goals in the future. This strategy should only be used when the outcome is not very important or if the primary objective is to improve the relationship. Unfortunately, for Pacific the outcome was important though the relationship wasn’t. 2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of Hauptman's and Zinnser's negotiating strategy. Hauptman and Zinnser utilized Competitive Strategy (win to lose). Unlike Pacific, Reliant had done its research and was fully aware of Pacific’s situation and the market dynamics going on at the time and, presumably well into the future. They had a plan, developed a strategy and used it to their advantage. Essentially, Reliant had been given no incentive by Pacific to extend the contract. They had done their research, and armed with the knowledge gleaned and now aware as to the reasons why Pacific was so eager to extend the contract, they took the opportunity to gain the upper hand. Since Pacific never imposed any deadlines, they stalled for as long as they could all the while arguing for, and getting a number of concessions along the way. They were never on the defensive at any time since Pacific had nothing on them. They were in a favorable position to â€Å"entrap† Pacific, causing them to change strategies which resulted in failed negotiations. Strengths: The Competitive strategy is effective in getting the other party to give in, and thus to satisfy the competitor’s needs now. Weaknesses:. The outcome of the negotiation is more important than the relationship. It strains and endangers the relationships between the parties. 3. What action should Fontaine take at the end of the case? Fontaine needs to reverse the damage done. Perhaps a collaborative strategy is in order. If Fontaine can convince Reliant that they will get into the PVC business after all and possibly become a PVC products manufacturer, hence a competitive threat, maybe Reliant will then get off their high horse and agree to cooperate for the mutual benefit of everyone. Pacific will need to make some concessions. Price, exclusive contracts or even a non-compete agreement may convince Reliant it would not be worth it to retaliate against Pacific.

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Iris J. O’Halloran Soc 120 Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility Brett Cross April 8, 2013 Today there are millions of people in prison throughout the United States; because of this fact the ethical treatment of prisoners is a topic that has been analyzed by many on a constant basis. Many modifications have been made to help accommodate inmates and try and maintain their human rights. Ethics according to Mosser, K (2010), is the study of moral values of human’s behavior. Ethics are also rules and principles that are meant to control the behavior of humans.According to Mosser K, (2010) there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain the meaning of ethics. These theories have different approaches on how to handle the issue of ethical treatment of prisoners. When it comes to the question about the ethical treatment of prisoners, researchers have come up with many answers, but have society done enough reg arding the ethical treatment of prisoners or has society made their lives in prison to easy and because of this life in prison is no longer a punishment for inmates?According to an article which was written in the BJpsych by Dr. Luke, Birmingham prisoners encounter numerous maltreatments while in prison. Dr. Birmingham states that one of the major maltreatments prisoners suffer while in prison is the way their mental illness is dealt with while in prison. Mental disorder is more widely among people in prison that it is in the general population. There are prisoners who require being transfer to psychiatric hospitals for treatment, but these prisoners face long delays.According to Birmingham doctors who work in prisons face ethical and legal dilemmas posed by prisoners with mental illness. Another issue that these inmates encounter while in prison is solitary confinement. According to another article written in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, which was written by Doctor Metzner and Fellner Esq, in recent years officials have turned to solitary confinement as a way to manage very dangerous and hard to handle prisoners. Many of these prisoners who are placed in isolation which can be there for years have severe mental illness.The conditions of solitary confinement can make these prisoners more violent or in some instance provoke recurrence. When prisoners are placed in solitary confinement the rules restrict the nature and how much mental health services they can receive. According to Metzner and Fellner another issue is the fact that doctors who work in US prisons face very difficult ethical challenges which rice from poor working conditions, loyalties to patience and employers, and the stress between reasonable medical practice and the prison rules and culture.Doctors are confronting a new challenge in recent years, the prolonged solitary confinement of inmates with severe mental illness; this is a corrections practice that has be come prevalent even knowing the psychological harm it can cause these inmates. Doctor Metzner and Fellner believe that solitary confinement can be psychological stressor, that in many cases can be a clinically stressor and it can be as harmful as physical torture. United States prison officials have raised solitary confinement to a mean of punishment and to control difficult or dangerous prisoners.Tens of thousands of inmates spend years locked up 23 to 24 hours a day in very small cells that have solid steel doors. These prisoners live with high surveillance and they do not have simple social interactions, they only have three to five hours a week of recreation alone in caged enclosures. These prisoners have little if any at all educational, vocational, or other purposeful activities. The prisoners in solitary confinement are handcuffed and often shackled every time they leave their cells.According to Metzner and Fullner confinement can cause psychological damage to any prisoner, t he severity of the impact depends on the individual, also in the duration, and conditions of the confinement. These psychological effects include anxiety, depression, anger, cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, obsessive thoughts, paranoia, and psychosis. The unfavorable effects of solitary confinement are important to a person with severe mental illness.Because of the stress and because these prisoners are kept away from social contact and days without structure this can increase symptoms or provoke recurrence. Cases of suicides occur more often in segregation units than anywhere else in prison. Many of these prisoners will not get better as long as they are kept in isolation. Psychologists often cannot make less harsh the harm that is associated with isolation. Services provided in segregation units are limited.Services such as individual therapy, group therapy, structured educational, recreational, life skill enhancing activities and many other therapeutic options are often not available due to insufficient resources and also the rules that require the prisoners to remain in their cells. According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that eight to 19 percent of prisoners have psychiatric disorders, this can result in a large functional disabilities. Another 15 to 20 percent do require some form of psychiatric intervention while in prison.Metzner and Fellner state that a survey done on correctional systems showed that 15 percent or more of their prisoners had been diagnosed with a mental illness. Many correctional health care providers struggle with the lack of resources and the large caseloads that can often limit the services they can provide their patients. The ethical way for these health care professionals to handle these situations is to do the best they can under the circumstances instead of resigning, which would result in less services for these prisoners.According to Metzner and Fellner it is ethical for psychologist to treat inmate s who have been abused, and that they should also take measures to end this abuse. These health professionals should not only provide services to mental ill prisoners, but they should also try and change the prison’s system and segregation policies and if that fails these health professionals should go public. Although going public with these prison issues can be difficult to do for these health professionals because of the risk of losing their jobs, they should not do this task alone. Their professional organizations should help them.These organizations should realize that prolonged segregation of prisoners with severe mental illness violates basic tenets of mental health treatment. The standards of the NCCHC recommend that mentally ill inmates be excluded from extreme isolation, the placement of these prisoners into these conditions can clinically deteriorate their condition and it will not improve. These are only a recommendation done by NCCHC. Because very few APA and AMA physicians have experience or have knowledge about correctional mental health care, they are not familiar with the difference between general population housing unit and a segregation nit, therefor the recommendations cannot be made mandatory instead of optional. Metzner and Fellner state that a serious educational effort must be established so that none correctional mental health practitioners have a better understanding of the world in which their correctional co-workers work in, and to better understand the challenges they face, including the isolation of severe mental ill patients for month at a time and sometimes years.According to Metzner and Fellner studies have shown that prisons can operate safely and they can be securely without putting prisoners that have mental illness in segregation. In some prisons mentally ill prisoners are given more time outside their cells, and they are also provided with group therapy and other therapeutic interventions. These improved clinical r esponses to prisoners with mental illness have been achieved with little sacrifice to needed control of prisoners who willfully violate prison rules.Mental health organizations should acknowledge that is unethical to keep silence about the conditions of confinement and the harm that this confinement cause inmates, and violates human rights. These organizations should also make sure that practitioners provide ethical services to segregated prisoners with mental illness, and they should also strive to change harmful segregation policies. The organizations should also make use of their institutional authority to press for nationwide rethinking of the use of isolation.By doing this the medical commitment to ethics and human rights would be well served. According to another article which was written in the National Academy of Science, the conditions of confinement in today’s prisons have the same features that were of concern to the national commission for the protection of human behavioral research about 30 years ago. However new factors have emerged that will require consideration. These factors are the correctional population has grown from 1. million to almost seven million between 1978 and 2004, because of tougher sentencing laws and the war against drugs. According to the article due to the closing of large state mental institutions, prisons have become the new mental illness asylums. Health care in some of these prisons is very poor. Many class actions have been put in place about the inadequate of state prisons health-care system. According to the article a high number of prisoners suffer from infectious deceases, chronic diseases, and mental illness.A three year study that was requested by congress and that was done in May 2002 by the National Commission of correctional health care revealed that thousands of prisoners are being released into communities every year with deceases that were not diagnosed and were not treated while they were in prison. According to the article while in prison white inmates were more likely than black and Hispanic inmates to receive mental health treatment. Without the necessary treatment mentally ill prisoners suffer painfully symptoms and often their condition deteriorates.The article states that prisons were never intended to be mentally ill facilities, yet that is one their primary role today. Often man and woman that cannot afford to get mental illness help in their communities are swept away into criminal justice system after they commit a crime. In the United States there three times more mentally ill people in jail than in mental hospitals, inmates have mental issues that are two to four times higher than members of the general public. The New York Times conducted a yearlong examination of prison health services; this examination revealed that in many instances the medical care was inadequate and lethal.According to the National Academy of Science the New York City department of health and mental hygiene showed that at Rikers Island and at a jail in lower Manhattan the prison health failed to earn a passing grade on 12 of 39 performance standards, these performance standards are set by the city to evaluate the treatment of inmates. The prison health did not meet standards on practices from HIV and diabetes therapy to timely distribution of medication to properly conducting mental health evaluations.An article written in the American Bar Association, standard of treatment of prisoners, (2010) states that in February 2010, the ABA House of Delegates approved a set of ABA criminal justice standards on treatment of prisoners. The new standards supplant prior ABA criminal justice standards. Standard 23-2. 5, Health Care Assessment, this standard states each prisoner should receive a comprehensive medical and mental health assessment and these should be done by a qualified medical and mental health professional and it should be provided no later than 14 days after admission to a correctional facility.This medical treatment should be done periodically thereafter, and it should include mental health screening. Dental examinations should also be done by a dentist or trained personnel directed by a dentist and they should be done within 90 days of admission this if the prisoner’s confinement exceeds one year and it should be done annually thereafter. Standard 23-2. 6 Rationales for Segregated housing, states correctional authorities should only place prisoners in segregation if it relates to discipline, security, and ongoing investigation of misconduct or crime, protection from harm, medical care, or mental health care.This segregation should be for a brief time and under the least restrictive conditions practicable. When necessary due to an investigation, correctional facilities should be permitted to confine an inmate to segregation for a period of no more than 30 days. Standard 23-2. 8, Segregated housing and mental health, this standard states no inmate who is diagnosed with serious mental illness should be placed in long term segregated housing. The implementation of these few standards has improved the treatment of inmates across the country, but there are still many correctional facilities that require more improvements.According to Mosser, K (2010) there are different ways in which the ethical treatment of prisoners can be dealt with. Mosser states that there are different theories that philosophers have come up with to explain ethics. Three main theories are Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Virtue ethics. There are also three different approaches to these ethics theories, Relativism, Emotivism and ethical Egoism. All of them give a different approach and a different solution to the ethical treatment of prisoners.The Utilitarianism is the theory that one should choose to do that which produces a better outcome for the largest number of people. This theory evaluates whether an act is wright of wrong in terms of the acts consequences. Mosser, (2010). Deontology states that are ones duty an obligation to threat other people with respect, human beings have dignity and we must take that dignity into consideration when dealing with them. Deontology can lead to results that contradict common sense and the conception of right and wrong.Another theory is Virtual ethics this theory looks at the character of the person performing the act. There are three different approaches to the theories according to Mosser, K. (2010), these are Relativism, Emotivism, and Ethical Egoism. Relativism according to Mosser is ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, and one’s individual values. Emotivism according to Mosser, it sees our moral evaluations as the expression of whether we respond to a given act by liking it, or not liking it.This approach involves emotional feelings. Ethical egoism, this approach contrast with ethical theories of utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and most religions. Ethical egoism according to Mosser states that our moral evaluations should be made in terms of our desires and goals. After evaluating all of the different theories and approaches to these theories, I would have to agree with the theory of Utilitarianism as being the best approach as how to solve the ethical treatment of prisoners.I would also have to agree with the Deontology theory, because I strongly agree that even though prisoners have committed a crime they should be treated with dignity after all they are still humans. From the three approaches to the main theories, relativism, emotivism, and ethical egoism, I would say relativism would help resolve the problem with a more positive outcome. Because relativism indicates that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society and culture, the majority of our society believes that if you commit a crime you should pay for it.The theory of Utilitarianism states that the mor al worth of an action should be determined by its usefulness in increasing utility and reducing negative utility. The ethical treatment of prisoners has for the most part improved. Standards have been put in place to aid these issues and help the improvement of the treatment of prisoners. For the most part the whole world has a moral code on how people should behave themselves, and what is wrong and wright. It is a worldwide fact that to commit murder is wrong, it is wrong to steal, and to intentionally hurt another human being physically.The utilitarian theory can be used in jails to help prisoners correct their behavior, and when prisoners do not have a life sentence they can come out into society with a better look on life and not a negative one like when they first went into prison. I know that some crimes can be horrific in nature and once we have looked at those horrific crimes we can become outraged and very angry, but if we can keep an open mind and be humanitarian towards t hose criminals we can find some kind of peace in our hearts. References Jeffrey L. Metzner. M. D and Jamie Fellner Esq.Solitary Confinement and Mental Illness in US prisons: A challenge for medical ethics. www. jaapl. org/content/38/1/104. full Mark, Earthrowl, John, O’Grady, and Luke Birmingham. Providing treatment to prisoners with mental disorders: development of a policy. Bjp. rcpsych. org/content/182/4/299. short Standards on Treatment of Prisoners. http://www. americanbar. org/publications Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility. San Diego, CA: Bridge point Education, Inc. Banks, C. (2004) Criminal Justice ethics: theory and practice. SAGE